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740 East 13th Street
Houston, Texas 77008

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832-831-2910

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Consultants

Antonio L. Pina

Antonio L. Piña

P.E.

Consulting Engineer/Civil & Structural

  • Footer Phone 832-431-0163
  • Footer Email This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
  • Footer Map740 East 13th Street Houston, Texas 77008
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Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Structures, Foundation Inspections and Analysis, Roadway/Bridge Structural Design and Analysis

  • Bachelor of Science in Architectural Engineering at Drexel University, 2004.
  • Primary areas of consultation: Structural - Foundation & superstructures of steel, timber, and reinforced concrete structures (residential and commercial). Design and construction of residential and commercial structures, lifting devices, and rigging for single-point lifts of structures and equipment (up to 600 tons). Civil - Roads and bridges, earth retaining structures, storm drainage collection and drainage systems, sanitary drainage collection and treatment plants, water supply distribution and irrigation systems, and site work design including compliance for handicap access.
  • Extensive experience since 2006 in residential construction, home inspections, loss investigation and documentation. Also, consulted on indoor Air Quality, and Environment, Health, and Safety (EHS) consultation services to legal, insurance, commercial, and private clients. Investigated, sampled, evaluated, and reported on indoor air quality cases involving contamination by molds or other contaminants, in commercial buildings, schools, multi-family dwellings, and private residences. Additional experience in management and manipulation of various computer-based applications in finite element analysis, structural design, O&G Pipeline, hydrology, and AutoCAD design in various facets.
  • Over 18 years of structural analysis and design.
  • 2024-Present

    McDOWELL OWENS ENGINEERING, INC

    Houston, Texas

    Consulting Engineer. Performed investigations and analyses of structural failures. Conducted structural investigations for damage due to hurricanes, fire loss, tree impacts, tornadoes, earthquakes, and floods. Projects include foundations and structures of residential, commercial, and industrial buildings, roof structures, earth retaining structures, and construction shoring.

  • 2015 –2024

    RIMKUS

    Remote

    Responsible for analysis of issues regarding civil/structural engineering disciplines related to property and product liability losses. Emphasis is on the design, construction, and performance of industrial, commercial, institutional, and residential buildings, with representative topics being architectural and structural issues, code and accessibility compliance, contractual disputes, and construction delays. Related responsibilities include advising municipal officials, school administration officials, property owners, attorneys, and insurance claims representatives on a broad range of building-related issues.

    Provide Indoor Air Quality, and Environment, Health, and Safety (EHS) consultation services to legal, insurance, commercial, and private clients. Investigated, sampled, evaluated, and reported on indoor air quality cases involving contamination by molds or other contaminants, in commercial buildings, schools, multi-family dwellings, and private residences.

  • 2009 –2015

    SEK ENGINEERING, CORP.

    Houston, TX

    Project Manger. Performed field inspections of ongoing projects and existing buildings for additions or renovations. Performed and assisted in inspecting stream crossings and grade separations for steel, concrete, and timber bridges throughout Texas. Reviewed and prepared folders, including typing inspection reports in PonTex and photographs. Reviewed and designed foundations and tilt-wall buildings. Trained personnel in assisting with office duties and field inspections. Performed inspections of existing roadway conditions and determined areas to be replaced. Assisted in preparing plan and profile sheets, traffic control sheets in CAD, and calculated construction estimates. Provided cost-effective plans within schedule.

  • 2006 –2009

    DPIS ENGINEERING, LLC

    Houston, TX

    Frame Engineer. Designed roof, ceiling, and floor systems for residential production and custom builders. Explained application methods of the International Residential Code within the design to necessary parties. Provided low-cost solutions to framing issues arising in the field. Provided "lessons learned" exercises on prototypes to minimize construction issues in the field. Provided cost-effective plans within schedule.

  • 2006

    BRIGHTON HOMES

    Houston, TX

    Superintendent. Maintained schedule with various trades and vendors to complete residence within a given time frame. Discussed construction process with homeowners and maintained communication throughout construction. Inspected houses at various stages to ensure completion of work and enforce code regulations.

  • 2004 –2006

    GEO-TECHNOLOGY ASSOCIATE

    Laurel, MD

    Engineering Technician. Trained new technicians in the field and the office on the proper procedures. Analyzed and solved soil compaction issues at various construction sites. Tested soils to determine maximum dry density and optimum moisture at site and laboratory. Analyzed and evaluated construction drawings for subgrade preparation reports and ensured that built structures matched plans. Maintained detailed written logs, including test deviations and recommended course of action.

  • Bachelor of Science in Architectural Engineering Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 2004
  • Licensed Professional Engineer:
    • Alabama

      No. 35860

    • Arkansas

      No. 1701

    • Florida

      No. 81008

    • Louisiana

      No. 41122

    • Pennsylvania

      No. PE085318

    • North Carolina

      No. 44179

    • South Carolina

      No. 33223

    • Texas

      No. 119977

  • Licensed Texas Mold Assessment Consultant (MAC), MAC 1960
  • OSHA 30- Construction Industry Outreach Training
  • Certified Aerial Boom Lift & Scissor Lift Operator
    • American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
    • Architectural Engineering Institute (AEI)
    • Texas Society of Professional Engineers (TSPE)
    • National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE)
    • American Concrete Institute (ACI)
    • Forensics Engineering Conference, UT at Austin, Eng. Executive Education, Feb. 8-9, 2024
    • Forensics Engineering Conference, UT at Austin, Eng. Executive Education, Feb. 9-10, 2023
    • 40-hour Mold Assessment Consultant Course

    Overview

    • Professional Summary
    • Employment Record
    • Education
    • Registrations, Licenses & Certifications
    • Professional Memberships
    • Continuing Education
    Glenn H. Hleason

    Glenn H. Gleason

    Ph.D., P.E.

    Consulting Engineer

    • Footer Phone 832-831-2910
    • Footer Email This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
    • Footer Map740 East 13th Street Houston, Texas 77008
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    Mechanical System Analysis, Structural Analysis, Fuel Gas Systems, Workplace Accident & Safety Analysis, Failure Analysis

    • Doctor of Philosophy in Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 2022 Dissertation: "Computational Analysis of Laser Impact Welding Processes Using Eulerian Formulation"
    • Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Dallas, 2019
    • Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering, The University of California at Berkeley, 2004
    • Primary areas of consultation: mechanical systems and component failure analysis, water and waste water utility systems. Residential and commercial construction, HVAC and plumbing, roof inspections, water intrusion/damage, and foundation failure/deflection analysis. Construction Safety and OSHA compliance related to workplace safety and injury.
    • Experience includes detailed on-site inspection, repair scope and specification development, and engineering report composition. Analyses are conducted according to current applicable standards.
    • Apr. 2024 - Present

      Houston, Texas

      MCDOWELL OWENS ENGINEERING, INC

      Consultant. Areas of primary interest include mechanical system and equipment failure analysis, commercial and residential construction, hazardous gas exposure, and mechanical, electrical, plumbing (MEP) related losses. Premises liability related to slip/trip and fall accidents.

    • Oct. 2022 - Apr. 2024

      Houston, Texas

      EXPONENT, INC.

      Senior Associate. Areas of primary interest includeautomotive, wind energy, oil and gas, rail, workplace/industrial safety, consumer technology development, power generation, and utilities.

    • Jan. 2019 - Sep. 2022

      Richardson, Texas

      THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS

      Teaching Assistant/Research Contributor. Taught classes on Kinematics & Dynamics Laboratory, Mechanical Vibrations, Dynamics, and Statics.

    • Jun. 2011 - Jan. 2019

      Pleasanton, CA.

      RATERLABS, INC.

      Search Engine Evaluator. Worked with various major tech companies to develop machine learning algorithms for analysis of videos, images, and text content.

    • Jan. 2005 - Jun. 2011

      Dallas, Texas

      BUCHER, WILLIS, AND RATLIFF CROP.

      Engineering Technician. Composed the Water and Wastewater Impact Fee Study used to manage $80M in planned infrastructure expenses for the city of Melissa, Texas. Conducted numerous site inspections for various city infrastructure projects, and performed water and wastewater system design & analysis.

    • Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering at The University of California at Berkeley, CA, 2004
    • Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering at The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 2019
    • Doctor of Philosophy in Mechanical Engineering at The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, 2022
    • Licensed Professional Engineer
      • Texas

        No. 154535

      • Georgia

        No. PE053211

      • Florida

        No. 100441

      • Pennsylvania

        No. PE096554

    • API 579 / ASME FFS-1
    • OSHA 30-Hour Outreach Training Program - General Industry
    • USA DOT FAA - Remote Pilot License – DRONE – License No. 5049778
    • The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) (Member 2018-Present)
    • National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) (Company Affiliation)
    • “Computational Analysis of Laser Impact Welding Processes."
      Summer Undergraduate Research Seminar, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX., 2022
    • “Predictive Modeling of Laser Shock Peening Induced Near-Surface Residual Stress in Alumina.”
      49th SME North American Manufacturing Research Conference (Virtual Presenter) Cincinnati, OH, 2021
    • Teaching Assistant / Research Contributor, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX. 2019-2022
      Classes Taught:
      • Kinematics & Dynamics Laboratory
      • Mechanical Vibrations
      • Dynamics
      • Statics
    • Failure Analysis
    • Corrosion Investigation
    • Laser Impact Welding
    • Optical Profilometry
    • Mechanical Testing
    • Vibrations
    • "Influence of surface roughness on transient phenomena occuring during laser impact welding." Gleason, Glenn, Karl Bailey, Sumair Sunny, Malik,Arif, and Rodrigo A Bernal. Journal of Manufacturing Processess 80 (2022): 480-490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2022.06.022
    • "Numerical investigation elucidating effects of microstructure on the transient thermomechanical phenomena during laser impact welding." Gleason, Glenn, Sunny, Sumair, Mathews, Ritin, and Malik, Arif. Journal of Manufacturing Processess 79 (2022) 115-125. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2022.04.031
    • "Numerical investigation of transient interfacial material behavior during laser impact welding." Gleason, Glenn, Sunny, Sumair, Mathews, Ritin, and Malik, Arif. Scripta Materialia 208 (2022): 114325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2021.114325
    • "Simulation of laser impact welding for dissimilar additively manufactured foils considering influence of inhomogenous microstructure." Gleason, Glenn, Sunny, Sumair, Mathews, Ritin, and Malik, Arif. Materials & Design 198 (2021) 109372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2020.109372
    • "Effect of metal additive manufacturing residual stress on post-process machining-induced stress and distortion." Sunny, Sumair, Mathews, Ritin, Gleason, Glenn, Malik, Arif, and Halley, Jeremiah. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences 202 (2021) 106534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2021.106534
    • "Importance of microstructure modeling for additively manufactured metal post-process simulations." Sunny, Sumair, Gleason, Glenn, Bailey, Karl, Mathews, Ritin, Malik,Arif. International Journal of Engineering Science 166 (2021): http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2022.06.022
    • "Simulation and experimental comparison of laser impact welding with a plasma pressure model." Sadeh, Sepehr, Gleason, Glenn, Hatamleh, Mohammad, Sunny, Sumair, Yu, Haoliang, Malik, Arif, and Qian, Dong. Metals 9, no.11 (2019) 1196. https://doi.org/10.3390/met9111196

    Overview

    • Professional Summary
    • Employment Record
    • Education
    • Registrations, Licenses & Certifications
    • Professional Memberships
    • Professional Presentations
    • Teaching Experience
    • Research and Testing
    • Continuing Education

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    What a Forensic Engineer Does

    We find answers. We solve puzzles. The forensic engineer’s mission is to investigate, solve, and explain the most challenging engineering & scientific problems.

    To vastly simplify, forensic engineering is the application of engineering principles and science employed to investigate the failure of a machine, component, material, structure, system, and more.

    It’s easy to think of it as a form of reverse engineering – using scientific methodology to uncover why something went wrong or stopped working. The same methodologies also allow forensic engineers to help clients take safety measures that will stop accidents and serious incidents from occurring in the first place.

    The reports complied by forensic engineers are to establish the cause of incidents where injury or property damage have occurred - such as:

      • Building Collapse
      • Sprinkler Failure
      • Machine Malfunction
      • Fires And Explosion
      • Construction Defects
      • Electrical Failure
      • Materials Failure
      • Structural
      • Product Defect
      • Collisions And Crashes
    • Marine Incidents
    • Energy And Renewable System Failures
    • Building Collapse
    • Sprinkler Failure
    • Machine Malfunction
    • Fires And Explosion
    • Construction Defects
    • Electrical Failure
    • Materials Failure
    • Structural
    • Product Defect
    • Collisions And Crashes
    • Marine Incidents
    • Energy And Renewable System Failures

    Forensic engineers are called in to assess catastrophic damage following hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, wildfires, explosions, hailstorms, tornadoes, large fires – any unexpected event that can cause havoc on day-to-day business operations.

    Forensic Engineering Fields

    There are many types of forensic engineering experts, from biomechanical to metallurgy to geotechnical. Forensic engineers cover this wide range of areas, all of which involve the application of engineering principles to investigate and analyze failures, accidents, and other incidents. They work to determine the root causes and contribute to the resolution of legal and insurance-related matters. Forensic engineers and experts offer their expertise to clients from the private sector to the legal, oil and gas, insurance, electrical, and petrochemical industries in matters surrounding:

    • Structural Engineering: Investigating building collapses, bridge failures, foundation issues, and structural integrity problems.
    • Civil Engineering: Analyzing accidents related to roads, highways, transportation systems, and geotechnical failures.
    • Industrial Accidents: Investigating accidents in manufacturing plants, factories, and other industrial settings to determine their causes and prevent future occurrences.
    • Mechanical Engineering: Examining failures of machinery, equipment, and mechanical systems in industrial settings, automotive incidents, and product liability cases.
    • Environmental Engineering: Addressing environmental incidents like pollution, hazardous material spills, and ecological damage.
    • Electrical Engineering: Investigating electrical fires, power system failures, electrocutions, and electrical equipment malfunctions.
    • Traffic Accident Reconstruction: Analyzing vehicle collisions to determine factors like speed, impact angles, and driver behavior.
    • Materials Engineering: Analyzing material failures, such as metallurgical failures in industrial equipment or construction materials.
    • Geotechnical Engineering: Evaluating soil and foundation failures, landslides, and geological hazards.
    • Fire Investigation: Examining the cause and origin of fires, fire spread analysis, and evaluating fire protection systems.
    • Forensic Biomechanics: Studying the mechanics of human movement and injuries to understand accident scenarios and impact effects.
    • Product Failure Analysis: Investigating the failure of consumer products, appliances, and industrial equipment.
    • Construction Defects: Examining construction-related issues like building code violations, poor workmanship, and design flaws.
    • Marine Accidents: Investigating accidents related to ships, boats, and offshore structures.
    • Aerospace Accidents: Analyzing failures and accidents involving aircraft and spacecraft.
    • Cybersecurity Incidents: Examining cybersecurity breaches, data theft, and digital evidence analysis.
    • Human Factors Engineering: Assessing the role of human error and human-machine interactions in accidents and incidents.
    • Civil Engineering: Analyzing accidents related to roads, highways, transportation systems, and geotechnical failures.
    • Industrial Accidents: Investigating accidents in manufacturing plants, factories, and other industrial settings to determine their causes and prevent future occurrences.
    • Mechanical Engineering: Examining failures of machinery, equipment, and mechanical systems in industrial settings, automotive incidents, and product liability cases.
    • Environmental Engineering: Addressing environmental incidents like pollution, hazardous material spills, and ecological damage.
    • Electrical Engineering: Investigating electrical fires, power system failures, electrocutions, and electrical equipment malfunctions.
    • Traffic Accident Reconstruction: Analyzing vehicle collisions to determine factors like speed, impact angles, and driver behavior.
    • Materials Engineering: Analyzing material failures, such as metallurgical failures in industrial equipment or construction materials.
    • Geotechnical Engineering: Evaluating soil and foundation failures, landslides, and geological hazards.
    • Fire Investigation: Examining the cause and origin of fires, fire spread analysis, and evaluating fire protection systems.
    • Forensic Biomechanics: Studying the mechanics of human movement and injuries to understand accident scenarios and impact effects.
    • Product Failure Analysis: Investigating the failure of consumer products, appliances, and industrial equipment.
    • Construction Defects: Examining construction-related issues like building code violations, poor workmanship, and design flaws.
    • Marine Accidents: Investigating accidents related to ships, boats, and offshore structures.
    • Aerospace Accidents: Analyzing failures and accidents involving aircraft and spacecraft.
    • Cybersecurity Incidents: Examining cybersecurity breaches, data theft, and digital evidence analysis.
    • Human Factors Engineering: Assessing the role of human error and human-machine interactions in accidents and incidents.

    Finding the Solution

    Forensic engineers conduct a variety of tests and analyses to investigate failures, accidents, and incidents. Specific tests depend on the nature of the case and the area of engineering concerned. Common types of tests are:

    • Materials Analysis: Testing the composition and properties of materials, such as metals, plastics, concrete, and composites, to assess their suitability, quality, and potential weaknesses.
    • Metallurgical Analysis: Examining the microstructure and properties of metals to identify defects, cracks, and failure mechanisms.
    • Non-Destructive Testing (NDT): Utilizing techniques like ultrasonic testing, radiography, magnetic particle testing, and dye penetrant inspection to evaluate the integrity of materials and components without causing damage.
    • Structural Load Testing: Applying controlled loads to structures to assess their load-carrying capacity and response.
    • Finite Element Analysis (FEA): Using computational methods to simulate and analyze the behavior of structures and components under different conditions.
    • Failure Analysis: Investigating the root cause of failures in materials, structures, or mechanical components to determine why they broke down or malfunctioned.
    • Electrical Testing: Assessing the performance and safety of electrical systems, circuits, and equipment, including voltage, current, and resistance measurements.
    • Fire Testing: Conducting controlled experiments to understand fire behavior, fire spread, and the effects of fire on materials and structures.
    • Accident Reconstruction: Using physics and engineering principles to reconstruct the sequence of events leading to an accident, such as traffic collisions or industrial mishaps.
    • Impact and Crash Testing: Simulating collisions and impacts to study how structures, vehicles, or products respond to forces.
    • Geotechnical Testing: Analyzing soil and rock properties to assess their stability and bearing capacity for construction projects.
    • Fluid Dynamics Analysis: Studying the behavior of fluids, such as air or water, to understand their impact on structures or accidents like water-related incidents.
    • Computer Forensics: Extracting and analyzing digital data and electronic evidence from computers and digital devices.
    • Product Testing: Evaluating consumer products, industrial equipment, and machinery to determine if they meet safety standards and specifications.
    • Human Factors Testing: Conducting experiments and simulations to understand human behavior and performance in various scenarios, such as accidents or usability assessments.
    • An immensely important skillset for any forensic engineer is the ability to not only be fluent in testing methods but to also have the meticulousness to perform them, then interpret the results to reach the correct conclusion.
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    • Materials Analysis: Testing the composition and properties of materials, such as metals, plastics, concrete, and composites, to assess their suitability, quality, and potential weaknesses.
    • Metallurgical Analysis: Examining the microstructure and properties of metals to identify defects, cracks, and failure mechanisms.
    • Non-Destructive Testing (NDT): Utilizing techniques like ultrasonic testing, radiography, magnetic particle testing, and dye penetrant inspection to evaluate the integrity of materials and components without causing damage.
    • Structural Load Testing: Applying controlled loads to structures to assess their load-carrying capacity and response.
    • Finite Element Analysis (FEA): Using computational methods to simulate and analyze the behavior of structures and components under different conditions.
    • Failure Analysis: Investigating the root cause of failures in materials, structures, or mechanical components to determine why they broke down or malfunctioned.
    • Electrical Testing: Assessing the performance and safety of electrical systems, circuits, and equipment, including voltage, current, and resistance measurements.
    • Fire Testing: Conducting controlled experiments to understand fire behavior, fire spread, and the effects of fire on materials and structures.
    • Accident Reconstruction: Using physics and engineering principles to reconstruct the sequence of events leading to an accident, such as traffic collisions or industrial mishaps.
    • Impact and Crash Testing: Simulating collisions and impacts to study how structures, vehicles, or products respond to forces.
    • Geotechnical Testing: Analyzing soil and rock properties to assess their stability and bearing capacity for construction projects.
    • Fluid Dynamics Analysis: Studying the behavior of fluids, such as air or water, to understand their impact on structures or accidents like water-related incidents.
    • Computer Forensics: Extracting and analyzing digital data and electronic evidence from computers and digital devices.
    • Product Testing: Evaluating consumer products, industrial equipment, and machinery to determine if they meet safety standards and specifications.
    • Human Factors Testing: Conducting experiments and simulations to understand human behavior and performance in various scenarios, such as accidents or usability assessments.

    An immensely important skillset for any forensic engineer is the ability to not only be fluent in testing methods but to also have the meticulousness to perform them, then interpret the results to reach the correct conclusion.

    View more services

    Forensic Engineer Duties, Responsibilities, and Basic Requirements

    Perhaps the best way to show what a forensic engineer does is to look at what it takes to be a forensic engineer. Let’s start with some of the duties and responsibilities of a forensic engineer:

    • Investigating accidents, failures, and other incidents to determine the root cause
    • Examining and analyzing physical evidence, such as damaged structures or equipment, to understand how an incident occurred
    • Interviewing witnesses and gathering relevant information about an incident
    • Conducting experiments and simulations to verify the findings of an investigation
    • Preparing reports and presentations outlining the findings of an investigation
    • Providing expert testimony in legal proceedings related to an incident
    • Staying up to date on the latest technologies, techniques, and regulations related to forensic engineering
    • Investigating accidents, failures, and other incidents to determine the root cause.
    • Examining and analyzing physical evidence, such as damaged structures or equipment, to understand how an incident occurred
    • Interviewing witnesses and gathering relevant information about an incident
    • Conducting experiments and simulations to verify the findings of an investigation
    • Preparing reports and presentations outlining the findings of an investigation
    • Providing expert testimony in legal proceedings related to an incident
    • Staying up to date on the latest technologies, techniques, and regulations related to forensic engineering

    Followed by the general, minimal, job requirements:

    • Bachelor’s degree in engineering or a related field
    • Master’s degree or Ph.D. in engineering or a related field, depending on the employer
    • Professional engineering license (PE)
    • Strong analytical and problem-solving skills
    • Ability to analyze and interpret complex technical data
    • Excellent communication and presentation skills
    • Attention to detail and accuracy
    • Ability to work independently and as part of a team
    • Flexibility to work on a variety of projects and adapt to changing priorities
    • Bachelor’s degree in engineering or a related field
    • Master’s degree or Ph.D. in engineering or a related field, depending on the employer
    • Professional engineering license (PE)
    • Strong analytical and problem-solving skills
    • Ability to analyze and interpret complex technical data
    • Excellent communication and presentation skills
    • Attention to detail and accuracy
    • Ability to work independently and as part of a team
    • Flexibility to work on a variety of projects and adapt to changing priorities

    And, lastly, the basic, required, skills that forensic engineering require:

    • Strong analytical and problem-solving skills
    • Attention to detail and accuracy
    • Excellent communication and presentation skills
    • Ability to work independently and as part of a team
    • Flexibility and adaptability
    • Knowledge of relevant regulations and standards
    • Specialized industry knowledge
    • Legal training or experience
    • Strong analytical and problem-solving skills
    • Attention to detail and accuracy
    • Excellent communication and presentation skills
    • Ability to work independently and as part of a team
    • Flexibility and adaptability
    • Knowledge of relevant regulations and standards
    • Specialized industry knowledge
    • Legal training or experience

    About McDowell Owens

    McDowell Owens Engineering, Inc. is a multi-disciplinary, worldwide forensic engineering firm. Since 1986, we have provided comprehensive, unbiased forensic engineering and failure analysis services. Over the decades we have worked with clients from the private sector to the legal, oil and gas, insurance, electrical, and petrochemical industries, among others.

    Established leaders in the field, McDowell Owens’ professional engineers, fire scientists, and consultants are experts in forensic failure analysis. Our clients rely on us to conduct exhaustive investigations to produce a multi-disciplinary analysis in the wake of any incident or disaster.

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    Standards For Expert Testimony or Frye v Daubert

    It’s a scene out of almost every courtroom thriller ever made – the expert witness takes the stand. Their credentials are introduced into the record, they are challenged by the other side, legal arguments ensue, tension builds as the judge readies to make a decision.

    In the real world, the judge’s decision is governed by one of two standards, one that goes back to 1923, the other 1993. Which standard is applied is a matter of jurisdiction. What standards Frye and Daubert mandate – and why – is something that’s crucial to understand long before a matter goes to trial.

    After all, if the court rules an expert’s testimony inadmissible - especially in the middle of a trial - it will have a catastrophic effect, the kind that sinks most cases. Luckily, we know what the standards are; unfortunately, standards for expert witness admissibility are not uniform in the United States. The States are torn between Daubert and Frye.

    The Cases

    The governing standards were established in two seminal cases — Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923), and Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993).

    Federal courts all follow Daubert. State courts are divided between the two but tend to add their own interpretations. Simply put, the admissibility of expert testimony is variable between jurisdictions. It’s critical, then, to understand the difference between the Daubert and Frye standards, their specific jurisdictional variations, and any recent, applicable case law, prior to trial, ideally, prior to retaining your expert.

    The Frye Standard: What it Means

    The standard set in 1923 in Frye v. United States is deceivingly simple. It stated that an expert opinion is admissible if the scientific technique on which the opinion is based is “generally accepted” as reliable in the relevant scientific community.

    In Frye, the Court refused to allow expert testimony concerning a lie detector test. The reason, one that still applies to lie detector tests, was that lie detectors had “not yet gained such standing and scientific recognition among physiological and psychological authorities.” This gave rise to the “general acceptance” test.

    Just when a scientific principle or discovery crosses the line between the experimental and demonstrable stages is difficult to define. Somewhere in this twilight zone, the evidential force of the principle must be recognized, and while the courts will go a long way in admitting expert testimony deduced from a well-recognized scientific principle or discovery, the thing from which the deduction is made must be sufficiently established to have gained general acceptance in the particular field in which it belongs.

    It took decades for the Frye standard to find a wide following. In the 1970s it was employed predominantly in criminal cases. It branched itself into civil cases – particularly toxic torts, in the 1980s. The more Frye was cited, the more criticism it incurred. Some critics noted that the ‘test’ was vague and could not reliably manage complex scientific testimony. Eventually, those criticisms led to Daubert.

    The Daubert Standard: What to Consider

    In Daubert v. Merrell, the Supreme Court effectively overruled Frye in federal courts. It ruled that Frye was ‘inconsistent’ with Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence. The Court held that the twin standards of Rule 702—relevance and reliability— were incompatible with the stricter “general acceptance” test.

    While the new standard encouraged a more liberal approach to admitting expert testimony it also stressed the importance of subjecting a potential expert witness to vigorous cross-examination instead.

    The Daubert admissibility standards for expert testimony were reinforced and somewhat expanded upon in another SCOTUS case in 1997 - General Electric Co. v. Joiner, 522 U.S. 136. There, the Court emphasized the importance of expert methodology instead of focusing solely on the conclusory opinion, finding that “conclusions and methodology are not entirely distinct from one another.”

    The Court emphasized the importance of a trial judge’s “gatekeeping responsibility” when admitting expert testimony and listed several non-exhaustive factors to consider:

    • Whether the expert’s technique or theory can be tested and assessed for reliability
    • Whether the technique or theory has been subject to peer review and publication
    • The known or potential rate of error of the technique or theory
    • The existence and maintenance of standards and controls
    • Whether the technique or theory has been generally accepted in the scientific community

    Joiner’s lasting importance is that it also set forth the standard of review for appellate courts ruling on a district court’s expert testimony and evidentiary decisions. Joiner held that, “while the Federal Rules of Evidence allow district courts to admit a somewhat broader range of scientific testimony that would have been admissible under Frye, they leave in place the gatekeeper role of the trial judge in screening such evidence.” The Court “rejected the notion propounded by several circuits that they should engage in a stringent review of decisions excluding scientific evidence proffered by plaintiffs in toxic tort and product liability cases.”

    In a later ruling, the Supreme Court held that there was no relevant distinction between experts who rely on scientific principles and those who rely on “skill- or experienced-based observation,” stressing that Rule 702 of the Federal Rules of Evidence, “makes no distinction between scientific knowledge and technical or other specialized knowledge.

    The Difference Between the Daubert and Frye Standards

    Daubert’s standards are broader that Frye. While Frye essentially focuses the question – whether the expert’s opinion is generally accepted by the relevant scientific community – Daubert offers a list of factors to consider, factors that can lead to vigorous cross examination.

    Frye arguably puts the admissibility of an expert witness’s methods in the hands of the expert’s own scientific community. Daubert puts the admissibility of an expert witness squarely on the judge while providing a guideline of factors to consider. It is telling that in Daubert, Chief Justice Rehnquist famously noted that the function does not impose on the court “the obligation or the authority to become amateur scientists.”

    Missing in Daubert, however, is the amount of weight a judge should give to each Daubert factor or if one is more important than another. All that has been noted since 1997 in that regard is an aside Justice Scalia made in another case, “Daubert factors are not holy writ, in a particular case the failure to apply one or another of them may be unreasonable, and hence an abuse of discretion.”

    Daubert is the standard in every federal court. Frye is the standard in approximately eight states – we write ‘approximately' because state legislatures have been known to change the standard. The states that have adopted Daubert have usually done so while adding their own interpretation to the standard. A state-to-state knowledge of those interpretations is crucial.

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    The right forensic expert is a powerful advantage during litigation; the wrong forensic expert is a disadvantage that is virtually impossible to overcome. The right forensic expert is someone who knows the science, pours through every piece of evidence available, conducts tests, produces an unbiased detailed report, and makes it intelligible to a layperson. The wrong forensic expert is someone who fails to do all of the above.

    The right forensic expert knows the difference between Frye and Daubert and the standards and practices of each state court system. McDowell Owens is the right firm. McDowell Owens’ team of highly credentialed, on-point experts has a proven track record of success helping lay audiences understand the value and strength of our findings.

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